The majority of future scenarios that do not exceed 2°C warming by 2100 include large-scale implementations of so-called Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) measures.

Carbon dioxide removal describes anthropogenic activities that aim at removing CO₂ from the atmosphere and store it in terrestrial, marine or geological carbon reservoirs. The most prominent options currently considered in ambitious climate change scenarios are: Bioenergy combined with geological carbon capture and storage, direct air carbon capture combined with geological storage, reforestation and afforestation. In pilot studies further CDR options considered include ocean alkalinity enhancement, soil carbon enhancement through e.g. biochar or agricultural practices, or the enhancement of coastal vegetated ecosystems. 

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) plays a critical role in comprehensive climate strategies, serving three key systemic functions. First, while being scaled up, CDR would support emission reduction efforts. Second, CDR is essential for compensating for residual emissions to allow for the achievement of net-zero emissions targets. Demand for CDR in the context of net-zero targets is expected to be driven by so-called ‘hard-to-abate’ sectors in which the cessation of emissions is considered biologically, technically economically and/ or politically challenging (Schenuit et al. 2023). Lastly, CDR would enable the transition to net-negative emissions, where more CO₂ is removed from the atmosphere than is emitted. This would provide a mechanism for reversing carbon budget overshoot, if global emissions exceed the carbon budget associated with limiting warming to 1.5°C or 2°C.